My sense of duty would not easily allow me to treat the unknown pathological state of my suffering brethren with these unknown medicines. The thought of becoming in this way a murderer or malefactor towards the life of my fellow human beings was most terrible to me, so terrible and disturbing that I wholly gave up my practice in the first years of my married life and occupied myself solely with chemistry and writing.[5]
He first published an article about the homeopathic approach in a German-language medical journal in 1796. Following a series of further essays, he published in 1810 "Organon of the Rational Art of Healing", followed over the years by four further editions entitled The Organon of the Healing Art, the first systematic treatise and containing all his detailed instructions on the subject. A 6th Organon edition, unpublished during his lifetime, and dating from February 1842, was only published many years after his death. It consisted of a 5th Organon containing extensive handwritten annotations.[21] The Organon is widely regarded as a remodelled form of an essay he published in 1806 called "The Medicine of Experience", which had been published in Hufeland's Journal. Of the Organon, Robert Ellis Dudgeon states it "was an amplification and extension of his "Medicine of Experience", worked up with greater care, and put into a more methodical and aphoristic form, after the model of the Hippocratic writings."[22]
hahnemann life history pdf 16
Hahnemann continued practicing and researching homeopathy, as well as writing and lecturing for the rest of his life. He died in 1843 in Paris, at 88 years of age, and is entombed in a mausoleum at Paris's Père Lachaise Cemetery.[citation needed]
Because the sixth edition of the Organon presented significant changes to homeopathic practice and because it is among Hahnemann's final professional writings, homeopaths from all over the world come to San Francisco to study the manuscript volume. This avid user group with a high level of interest made the Organon manuscript a strong candidate for digitization and presentation on the web. The digital Organon forms the cornerstone of an online collection, launched in early 2009, of significant works in the history of homeopathy . The online collection also includes a handwritten transcript of Hahnemann's text and revisions used by Dr. Richard Haehl as the basis for the published German sixth edition (1921, Leipzig), as well as homeopathy pamphlets.
Thus we shall act more commendably, more wisely, more prudently, than by working in breathless hurry, with our nerves, constantly overstrung, to the destruction of the most precious treasure of life, calmly happy spirits and good health.
The happiness of life concerns him more than anything else. With fresh vigor he sets about his moderate work, and at his meals nothing, no ebullitions of blood, no cares, no solicitude of mind hinders him from relishing what the beneficent Preserver of Life sets before him.
And so one day follows another in quiet succession, until the final day of advanced age brings him to the termination of a well spent life, and he serenely reposes in an other world as he has calmly lived in this one.
In 113 patients with both mental retardation and dysmorphic features we have identified subtelomeric abnormalities in 9 patients, and this result corresponds well with other studies. In a recent review of 20 studies the mean detection rate was found to be 4.8%, ranging between 0%-23% [9]. In our study 19 subjects with apparently non-syndromic idiopathic mental retardation, with or without positive family history were investigated. None of these patients showed rearrangements. This is in accordance with the study of Joyce et al. [15] who showed that cryptic telomeric rearrangements were not a significant cause of idiopathic mental retardation. It can be speculated that especially in familial cases of idiopathic mental retardation mendelian or multifactorial inheritance is more often the cause.
Our series represent referrals to a diagnostic laboratory for various reasons but undiagnosed mental retardation with dysmorphic features suggesting a "chromosomal phenotype" account for the majority. It is reasonable to assume that different detection rates are due to selection criteria, and it is likely that stringent selection criteria like the 5-item checklist (family history of MR, prenatal onset growth retardation, postnatal growth abnormalities, facial dysmorphic features, non-facial dysmorphism and/or congenital abnormalities) provided by de Vries et al. [16] will increase the detection yield of chromosome abnormalities. This can also be seen in the study reported by Walter et al. [17], where the authors have performed a subtelomere FISH study of 50 unrelated children ascertained by a checklist that evaluates MR or development delay, dysmorphism, growth defect, and abnormal pedigree and found ten causal rearrangements (detection rate of 20%).
In summary our study confirms the diagnostic value of subtelomeric screening, especially in mentally retarded subjects with dysmorphic features. A family history is of additional significance. Finally our study can contribute to the delineation of syndromes like the 1p- syndrome, the 2q- syndrome, the 4p- syndrome, the 9q- syndrome and the 5q- Sotos syndrome.
Although the finding of lymphadenopathy sometimes raises fears about serious illness, it is, in patients seen in primary care settings, usually a result of benign infectious causes. Most patients can be diagnosed on the basis of a careful history and physical examination. Localized adenopathy should prompt a search for an adjacent precipitating lesion and an examination of other nodal areas to rule out generalized lymphadenopathy. In general, lymph nodes greater than 1 cm in diameter are considered to be abnormal. Supraclavicular nodes are the most worrisome for malignancy. A three- to four-week period of observation is prudent in patients with localized nodes and a benign clinical picture. Generalized adenopathy should always prompt further clinical investigation. When a node biopsy is indicated, excisional biopsy of the most abnormal node will best enable the pathologist to determine a diagnosis.
The physician should consider four key points when compiling a patient's history.1 First, are there localizing symptoms or signs to suggest infection or neoplasm in a specific site? Second, are there constitutional symptoms such as fever, weight loss, fatigue or night sweats to suggest disorders such as tuberculosis, lymphoma, collagen vascular diseases, unrecognized infection or malignancy? Third, are there epidemiologic clues (Table 1) such as occupational exposures, recent travel or high-risk behaviors that suggest specific disorders? Fourth, is the patient taking a medication that may cause lymphadenopathy? Some medications are known to specifically cause lymphadenopathy (e.g., phenytoin [Dilantin]), while others, such as cephalosporins, penicillins or sulfonamides, are more likely to cause a serum sickness-like syndrome with fever, arthralgias and rash in addition to lymphadenopathy (Table 2).
If the lymphadenopathy is localized, the decision about when to biopsy is more difficult. Patients with a benign clinical history, an unremarkable physical examination and no constitutional symptoms should be reexamined in three to four weeks to see if the lymph nodes have regressed or disappeared. Patients with unexplained localized lymphadenopathy who have constitutional symptoms or signs, risk factors for malignancy or lymphadenopathy that persists for three to four weeks should undergo a biopsy. Biopsy should be avoided in patients with probable viral illness because lymph node pathology in these patients may sometimes simulate lymphoma and lead to a false-positive diagnosis of malignancy.
Methodologic Approach: Descriptive study using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The variables were nurse characteristics, personal life stress, and quality of work life. Data were analyzed descriptively and thematically. Scores on the self-report questionnaires were compared to themes.
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